CD38 antibodies are used in research and clinical diagnostics to detect and study CD38, a transmembrane glycoprotein involved in various physiological processes. CD38 is known for its role in cell signaling, metabolism, and immune response. It is expressed on various cell types, including immune cells, and has implications in several diseases.
Structure and Function of CD38
- Structure:
- Domains: CD38 is a type II transmembrane protein with a large extracellular domain that contains the enzymatic activity.
- Enzymatic Activity: Includes NAD+ glycohydrolase activity, converting NAD+ into ADP-ribose and other products.
- Functions:
- Cell Signaling: CD38 is involved in signaling pathways by generating cyclic ADP-ribose, which mobilizes intracellular calcium.
- Immune Response: Regulates immune cell activation and differentiation.
- Metabolism: Modulates cellular metabolism through NAD+ hydrolysis and regulation of metabolic pathways.
Applications of CD38 Antibodies
- Western Blotting:
- Purpose: Detect and quantify CD38 protein levels in cell or tissue extracts.
- Application: Study expression patterns, assess protein modifications, and analyze responses to treatments.
- Immunohistochemistry (IHC):
- Purpose: Localize CD38 in tissue sections.
- Application: Investigate tissue-specific distribution and subcellular localization in various tissues, including immune organs.
- Immunoprecipitation (IP):
- Purpose: Enrich CD38 proteins from cell lysates.
- Application: Study protein-protein interactions and post-translational modifications.
- Flow Cytometry:
- Purpose: Analyze CD38 expression on cell surfaces.
- Application: Quantify cell surface expression on immune cells, such as T cells and B cells, and monitor changes in response to treatments or disease states.
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA):
- Purpose: Quantify CD38 levels in biological fluids.
- Application: Measure changes in CD38 expression and activity under different conditions and in various disease states.
Mechanism of Detection
- Specificity: CD38 antibodies bind specifically to CD38, allowing for precise detection.
- Signal Detection: Various methods such as chemiluminescence, fluorescence, or colorimetric assays are used to visualize the antibody binding in different assay formats.
Advantages of Using CD38 Antibodies
- High Specificity: Ensures accurate detection of CD38 with minimal cross-reactivity.
- Versatility: Applicable in multiple techniques, including Western blotting, IHC, IP, flow cytometry, and ELISA.
- Sensitivity: Allows for the detection of CD38 even at low concentrations in complex samples.
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